郑州市城区悬铃木生长与健康状况调研

为研究郑州市城区道路行道树的生长及健康状况,以悬铃木为研究对象进行抽样调查。调查结果显示,郑州市城区悬铃木以中型植株为主,株高7.5~12.5 m的占比63.22%;胸径20.0~40.0 cm的占比57.46%;冠幅6.0~14.0 m的占比65.79%。郑州市内金水区大型悬铃木植株最多,生长状况最优,是道路林荫环境最好的区域。研究区内大部分植株处于“亚健康”和“生长维持”状态,Ⅰ级植株所占比例偏小,仅为7.33%,亚健康植株占比最大,近60%,频死植株占比10.86%。二七区、中原区、高新区3个城区的悬铃木健康状况优于其他城区,惠济区、金水区2个城区悬铃木的健康状况较差。在养护管理条件相似的情况下,立地条件较好的绿带植株整体健康水平优于树穴植株,大型悬铃木植株健康状况普遍优于中小型植株,乔、灌、草3层垂直结构的悬铃木的健康水平优于其它垂直结构,三板四带式道路结构类型的悬铃木植株健康水平最为优异。     

轻钢结构抗震节能体系在“塞上农民新居”中的应用

针对宁夏地区农民传统住宅抗震性差，建筑外围护结构保温性能差，采暖系统能源消耗量大，环境污染严重等问题，提出采用轻钢结构配以轻质保温板材的轻钢结构抗震节能体系，以期为宁夏农村住宅设计提供指导性建议。     

Impact of soil engineering by two contrasting species of earthworms on their dispersal rates

By burrowing galleries and producing casts, earthworms are constantly changing the structure and properties of the soils in which they are living. These changes modify the costs and benefits for earthworms to stay in the environment they modify. In this paper, we measured experimentally how dispersal behaviour of endogeic and anecic earthworms responds to the cumulative changes they made in soil characteristics. The influence of earthworm activities on dispersal was studied in standardised mesocosms by comparing the influence of soils modified or not modified by earthworm activities on earthworm dispersal rates.The cumulative use of the soil by the earthworms strongly modified soil physical properties. The height of the soil decreased over time and the amount of aggregates smaller than 2 mm decreased in contrast to aggregates larger than 5 mm that increased. We found that: (i) earthworm activities significantly modified soil physical properties (such as bulk density, soil strength and soil aggregation) and decreased significantly the dispersal rates of the endogeic species, whatever the species that modified the soil; (ii) the decreasing in the dispersal proportion of the endogeic species suggests that the cost of engineering activities may be higher than the one of dispersal; (iii) the dispersal of the anecic species appeared to be not influenced by its own activities (intra-specific influences) or by the activities of the endogeic species (inter-specific influences). Overall these results suggest that the endogeic species is involved in a process of niche construction, which evolved jointly with its dispersal strategy.     

Genetic divergence in two tropical maize composites after four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection

Two tropical maize composites were subjected to four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection to develop divergent inbred lines with good combining ability. This study was conducted to examine the extent of genetic diversity, changes in allele composition and genetic structure, of 100 randomly selected S₁ lines each from the original (C₀) and advanced (C₄) selection cycles of TZL COMP3 and TZL COMP4, genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Results revealed that the proportion of alleles at both low and high frequencies decreased from C₀ to C₄, whereas those at intermediate frequencies increased at C₄ in the two composites. More unique and other alleles were lost at C₄ in TZL COMP3 relative to those in TZL COMP4. The changes in different measures of genetic diversity were either small or negligible with selection in the two composites. The proportion of markers departing from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) decreased with selection, whereas the total number of pairs of markers in linkage disequilibrium increased with selection in the two composites. Examination of changes in population structures using a model‐based approach as well as cluster and multivariate analyses found a high degree of concordance in stratifying the 400 S₁ lines into four non‐overlapping groups corresponding to the two selection cycles each within the reciprocal composites. The observed molecular‐based divergence between cycles within the same composite and the clear differentiation between the complementary composites highlight the importance of reciprocal recurrent selection for preserving genetic diversity for long‐term selection. This increases the potential of the advanced selection cycles to sustain genetic gain in productivity of hybrids adapted to the savannas in West and Central Africa.     

温室内赤苞花和黄虾花叶片解剖结构及光合特性研究

为研究温室内两种爵床科植物叶片解剖结构及光合特性,本试验选取青岛世界园艺博览会植物馆内的两种爵床科植物,赤苞花(Megaskepasma erythrochlamys Lindau)、黄虾花(Pachystachys lutea Nees)为研究对象,用石蜡包埋法对两种植物的叶片进行解剖分析,使用CIRAS-3便携式光合仪测定其光合特性。结果表明,爵床科的两种植物在相同的环境中,叶片的内部结构相似,上表皮均厚于下表皮,海绵组织均厚于栅栏组织。光合指标存在差异,赤苞花的蒸腾速率、气孔导度、细胞间CO₂浓度均大于黄虾花,但黄虾花的水分利用率、净光合速率大于赤苞花。     

湖北省宜都野生楠木资源调查

【目的】了解湖北省宜都市的野生楠木资源分布状况、种群结构及其群落特征。【方法】采用样方法分别在宜都市的王家畈镇、聂家河镇和潘家湾乡对楠木资源分布集中地段进行野外实地调查,并记录其生境条件和群落特征。【结果】调查区内发现野生楠木类植物计264株,楠属植物3种,分别为竹叶楠Phoebe faberi、桢楠P.zhennan、湘楠P.hunanensis;润楠属植物4种,分别为润楠Machilus pingii、宜昌润楠M.ichangensis、华润楠M.chinensis、刨花润楠M.pauhoi,其中华润楠、刨花润楠初步确定为宜都市新分布记录种。楠木较多分布在山地比较潮湿的阴坡,坡度为30°~40°,坡位为中坡位和下坡位,海拔在710 m左右,群落类型为常绿或落叶阔叶林的生境条件下,其楠木类植物群落的维管束植物共有71种,隶属41科60属,以樟科和蔷薇科植物比较多,被子植物中双子叶植物占有绝对的优势,高位芽植物在群落中的比重最大。【结论】该调查区内的润楠属植物种群年龄结构相比楠属更合理,大致呈稳定型,而楠属植物种群年龄结构大致呈衰退型。探讨了样地野生楠木数量及群落结构特征,为其天然林保护及种质资源保存提供理论依据,同时对城市景观树种的配置有着重要意义。     

川西林盘植物群落结构历史变化特征分析——以成都市郫都区为例

林盘是川西平原地区一种极具特色的传统农村聚落形态,具有突出的农业文化遗产价值。植被是构成林盘的核心要素,了解植物群落的历史变化过程可以为传统林盘的保护工作提供科学依据。本研究首先通过查阅历史资料掌握传统林盘植物群落的结构特征,然后选取成都市郫都区4个林盘样地和3个灌渠边林地进行植物群落调查,从而比较不同时期林盘植物群落结构。调查结果显示,目前林盘植物群落结构发生的主要变化包括乔木层中的传统优势种杉木、楠木及柏树被黑壳楠取代,林盘植被趋向单一化;竹类的物种丰富度下降明显,竹林退化严重;灌渠林地中桤木及柏树被枫杨和构树取代,竹类基本消失。川西平原地区社会和经济的变迁破坏了传统农业系统中人口、耕地和林盘之间的平衡,从而导致了林盘植被群落结构的改变。     

高压电场干燥和热风干燥对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构的影响

以自然风干为对照组,采用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳和圆二色光谱法研究了高压电场干燥(HVEF)和热风干燥对马铃薯蛋白质分子量的影响以及两种干燥方法对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构的影响。SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结果显示:两种干燥方法对马铃薯蛋白质分子量基本不产生影响。圆二色光谱检测结果表明:经高压电场干燥后,马铃薯蛋白质的α-螺旋所占比例下降1.30%,β-折叠所占比例上升1.60%,β-转角所占比例上升0.30%,无规卷曲所占比例上升1.20%;经热风干燥后,马铃薯蛋白质的α-螺旋所占比例上升了12.50%,β-折叠所占比例下降了10.70%,β-转角所占比例上升了4.30%,无规卷曲所占比例下降4.40%。通过比较:HVEF对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构中α-螺旋、β-折叠、无规卷曲的作用趋势与热风干燥正好相反;如,热风干燥使α-螺旋的比例显著上升,而HVEF则使α-螺旋的比例下降,并且HVEF对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构的影响比热风干燥对马铃薯蛋白质二级结构的影响较小。     

半干旱区农田杂草的生活史对策研究

2008-2009年通过利用当地常见的10种杂草种植于不同处理的农田,研究半干早区农田杂草群落结构以及10种杂草群落组分种对环境因子的响应,结果表明,1)同一物种在不同的气候环境下,可以表现出不同的生活史策略.蝇虫实、田旋花和金荞麦2008年生活史策略分别具有竟争型(C)对策属性、胁迫忍耐型(S)对策属性和中间型(C-...     

Contrasting development of soil microbial community structure under no-tilled perennial and tilled cropping during early pedogenesis of a Mollisol

A range of agricultural practices influence soil microbial communities, such as tillage and organic C inputs, however such effects are largely unknown at the initial stage of soil formation. Using an eight-year field experiment established on exposed parent material (PM) of a Mollisol, our objectives were to: (1) to determine the effects of field management and soil depth on soil microbial community structure; (2) to elucidate shifts in microbial community structure in relation to PM, compared to an arable Mollisol (MO) without organic amendment; and (3) to identify the controlling factors of such changes in microbial community structure. The treatments included two no-tilled soils supporting perennial crops, and four tilled soils under the same cropping system, with or without chemical fertilization and crop residue amendment. Principal component (PC) analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles demonstrated that microbial community structures were affected by tillage and/or organic and inorganic inputs via PC1 and by land use and/or soil depth via PC2. All the field treatments were separated by PM into two groups via PC1, the tilled and the no-tilled soils, with the tilled soils more developed towards MO. The tilled soils were separated with respect to MO via PC1 associated with the differences in mineral fertilization and the quality of organic amendments, with the soils without organic amendment being more similar to MO. The separations via PC1 were principally driven by bacteria and associated with soil pH and soil C, N and P. The separations via PC2 were driven by fungi, actinomycetes and Gram (−) bacteria, and associated with soil bulk density. The separations via both PC1 and PC2 were associated with soil aggregate stability and exchangeable K, indicating the effects of weathering and soil aggregation. The results suggest that in spite of the importance of mineral fertilization and organic amendments, tillage and land-use type play a significant role in determining the nature of the development of associated soil microbial community structures at the initial stages of soil formation.